Garry Kasparov Biography
Garry Kimovich Kasparov was born as Garry Vajnshtejn on April 13, 1963 in Baku Azerbaijan (at that time a republic of Soviet Union). His mother was Armenian and his father was Jewish. On the July 1999 FIDE rating list, his ELO was 2851, the highest rating ever achieved. He has been ranked 1st in the world a record 23 times between 1985 and 2006. He has also won the Chess Oscar 11 times.
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Kasparov first began to study chess seriously when he came across a chess problem set up by his parents and proposed a solution. At the age of 8, he left the Tiffin School and trained at Mikhail Botvinnik's chess school. At age 13, he won the Soviet Junior Championship of 1976 at Tbilisi, scoring 7 points out of 9. The following year he won again with a score of 8.5 out of 9. In 1978, he participated in the Sokolsky Memorial tournament at Minsk. He was invited as an exception and took 1st place and became a master. He has repeatedly said that this event was a turning point in his life, and that it convinced him to choose chess as his career.
Kasparov first began to study chess seriously when he came across a chess problem set up by his parents and proposed a solution. At the age of 8, he left the Tiffin School and trained at Mikhail Botvinnik's chess school. At age 13, he won the Soviet Junior Championship of 1976 at Tbilisi, scoring 7 points out of 9. The following year he won again with a score of 8.5 out of 9. In 1978, he participated in the Sokolsky Memorial tournament at Minsk. He was invited as an exception and took 1st place and became a master. He has repeatedly said that this event was a turning point in his life, and that it convinced him to choose chess as his career.
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Kasparov quickly rose through the FIDE rankings. Starting with an oversight by the Russian Chess Federation, he participated in a Grandmaster tournament in Banja Luka while he was still unrated (the federation thought it was a junior tournament). After the tournament, he had a provisional rating of 2595, enough to catapult him into the top group of chess players. The next year, he won the World Junior Chess Championship of 1980 in Dortmund, West Germany.
Kasparov quickly rose through the FIDE rankings. Starting with an oversight by the Russian Chess Federation, he participated in a Grandmaster tournament in Banja Luka while he was still unrated (the federation thought it was a junior tournament). After the tournament, he had a provisional rating of 2595, enough to catapult him into the top group of chess players. The next year, he won the World Junior Chess Championship of 1980 in Dortmund, West Germany.
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After this, Kasparov wanted to challenge World Champion Anatoly Karpov, but first he had to qualify in the Candidates Tournament. He defeated the exceptionally tough Alexander Beliavsky in his first match of the tournament. His next match against Viktor Korchnoi, to be played in Pasadena, California, was threatened by politics. Korchnoi had defected from Russia in the late 1970s, and at that time was the strongest non-Soviet player. Various political manoeuvres prevented Kasparov from playing Korchnoi, and Kasparov forfeited the match. Korchnoi allowed the match to be replayed in London, and Kasparov won. His final Candidates match was against Vassily Smyslov. Smyslov had been the 7th World Champion in 1957, but later years saw his willingness to fight for wins greatly diminished. Kasparov won the match with 4 wins and 9 draws. He had finally earned the right to challenge Karpov for the title.
After this, Kasparov wanted to challenge World Champion Anatoly Karpov, but first he had to qualify in the Candidates Tournament. He defeated the exceptionally tough Alexander Beliavsky in his first match of the tournament. His next match against Viktor Korchnoi, to be played in Pasadena, California, was threatened by politics. Korchnoi had defected from Russia in the late 1970s, and at that time was the strongest non-Soviet player. Various political manoeuvres prevented Kasparov from playing Korchnoi, and Kasparov forfeited the match. Korchnoi allowed the match to be replayed in London, and Kasparov won. His final Candidates match was against Vassily Smyslov. Smyslov had been the 7th World Champion in 1957, but later years saw his willingness to fight for wins greatly diminished. Kasparov won the match with 4 wins and 9 draws. He had finally earned the right to challenge Karpov for the title.
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The 1984 World Championship match between Garry Kasparov and Anatoly Karpov had the most controversial finish to a competitive match ever. After 9 games, Karpov was ahead 4-0 in a "first to 6 wins" match. Kasparov got inspiration from a Russian poet before each game, and battled Karpov into 17 successive draws. Karpov won the next game before Kasparov fought back with another series of draws until game 32 when Kasparov managed his first win against the World Champion. At this point, Karpov who was 12 years older than Kasparov, was close to exhaustion, and not looking like the player who started the match. Kasparov won games 47 and 48 to bring the score to 5-3 in Karpov's favor. Then the match was ended without result by the President of FIDE, Florencio Campomanes, although both players wanted to continue the match. Campomanes cited the health of the two players, which had been put under strain by the length of the match, as his reason for the decision. Karpov had lost 22 pounds over the course of the match and had been hospitalized several times.
The 1984 World Championship match between Garry Kasparov and Anatoly Karpov had the most controversial finish to a competitive match ever. After 9 games, Karpov was ahead 4-0 in a "first to 6 wins" match. Kasparov got inspiration from a Russian poet before each game, and battled Karpov into 17 successive draws. Karpov won the next game before Kasparov fought back with another series of draws until game 32 when Kasparov managed his first win against the World Champion. At this point, Karpov who was 12 years older than Kasparov, was close to exhaustion, and not looking like the player who started the match. Kasparov won games 47 and 48 to bring the score to 5-3 in Karpov's favor. Then the match was ended without result by the President of FIDE, Florencio Campomanes, although both players wanted to continue the match. Campomanes cited the health of the two players, which had been put under strain by the length of the match, as his reason for the decision. Karpov had lost 22 pounds over the course of the match and had been hospitalized several times.
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The second Karpov-Kasparov match took place in 1985. It was to be the best of 24 games, where the first player to 12.5 points would claim the title. The score was quite even down to the final wire, but Kasparov prevailed by a score of 13-11. At the age of 22, he had broken the existing record of youngest winner of the World Championship held by Mikhail Tal for over 20 years. Tal was 23 when he beat Botvinnik in 1960. At that time, FIDE rules granted a defeated champion an automatic right to a rematch. The rematch took place in 1986, hosted jointly in the cities of London and Leningrad. Kasparov won by a final score of 12.5-11.5. Karpov qualified though the Candidates' Matches of 1987 to become the official challenger to Kasparov once again. A fourth world title match between Kasparov and Karpov took place in Seville of 1987. The match was drawn by a score of 12-12 and Kasparov kept his title. The fifth and final world title match between the two took place in 1990 in Lyon and New York. Once again Kasparov narrowly won by a margin of 12.5-11.5.
The second Karpov-Kasparov match took place in 1985. It was to be the best of 24 games, where the first player to 12.5 points would claim the title. The score was quite even down to the final wire, but Kasparov prevailed by a score of 13-11. At the age of 22, he had broken the existing record of youngest winner of the World Championship held by Mikhail Tal for over 20 years. Tal was 23 when he beat Botvinnik in 1960. At that time, FIDE rules granted a defeated champion an automatic right to a rematch. The rematch took place in 1986, hosted jointly in the cities of London and Leningrad. Kasparov won by a final score of 12.5-11.5. Karpov qualified though the Candidates' Matches of 1987 to become the official challenger to Kasparov once again. A fourth world title match between Kasparov and Karpov took place in Seville of 1987. The match was drawn by a score of 12-12 and Kasparov kept his title. The fifth and final world title match between the two took place in 1990 in Lyon and New York. Once again Kasparov narrowly won by a margin of 12.5-11.5.
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After securing the World Championship title, Kasparov began to battle FIDE. He created an organization called the Grandmaster's Association (GMA) to give players more of a say in FIDE's activities. This stand-off lasted until 1993 when Nigel Short, a British Grandmaster, qualified through the Candidates cycle for Kasparov's next World Championship defense. They decided to play their match outside of FIDE's jurisdiction, under another organization created by Kasparov called the Professional Chess Association (PCA). This is where the great fracture on the lineage of World Champions began. They were both ejected from FIDE, and they played their match in London, which Kasparov won convincingly by a score of 12.5-7.5. FIDE organized a World Championship match between Jan Timman, the loser of the Candidates final, and Karpov who was the previous World Champion. Karpov won the match. Nigel Short had beaten both of these players in the Candidates matches before facing Kasparov. Now Kasparov held the PCA World Chess Championship title, and Karpov held the FIDE World Chess Championship title.
After securing the World Championship title, Kasparov began to battle FIDE. He created an organization called the Grandmaster's Association (GMA) to give players more of a say in FIDE's activities. This stand-off lasted until 1993 when Nigel Short, a British Grandmaster, qualified through the Candidates cycle for Kasparov's next World Championship defense. They decided to play their match outside of FIDE's jurisdiction, under another organization created by Kasparov called the Professional Chess Association (PCA). This is where the great fracture on the lineage of World Champions began. They were both ejected from FIDE, and they played their match in London, which Kasparov won convincingly by a score of 12.5-7.5. FIDE organized a World Championship match between Jan Timman, the loser of the Candidates final, and Karpov who was the previous World Champion. Karpov won the match. Nigel Short had beaten both of these players in the Candidates matches before facing Kasparov. Now Kasparov held the PCA World Chess Championship title, and Karpov held the FIDE World Chess Championship title.
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In 1995, Kasparov defended his title at Viswanathan Anand, the Indian superstar. The match was held at the World Trade Center in New York City before the PCA collapsed when Intel, one of the major backers, withdrew its sponsorship. Kasparov won the game by a score of 4 wins, 1 loss, and 13 draws. He tried to organize another World Championship match under yet another organization, the World Chess Association, with Linares organizer Rentero. Vladimir Kramnik and Alexei Shirov played a candidates match to decide the challenger, which Shirov won in a suprising upset. However, the WCA collapsed when Rentero admitted that the funds required and promised had never materialized.
In 1995, Kasparov defended his title at Viswanathan Anand, the Indian superstar. The match was held at the World Trade Center in New York City before the PCA collapsed when Intel, one of the major backers, withdrew its sponsorship. Kasparov won the game by a score of 4 wins, 1 loss, and 13 draws. He tried to organize another World Championship match under yet another organization, the World Chess Association, with Linares organizer Rentero. Vladimir Kramnik and Alexei Shirov played a candidates match to decide the challenger, which Shirov won in a suprising upset. However, the WCA collapsed when Rentero admitted that the funds required and promised had never materialized.
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This left Kasparov stranded, and yet another organization stepped in called BrainGames.com. A match with Shirov was not arranged, and talks with Anand collapsed, so a match was arranged against Kramnik instead. The match took place in London during the latter half of 2000. Kramnik was well-prepared and suprised Kasparov with a win in the crucial game 2 against his Grunfeld Defence after the champion missed several drawing chances in an opposite-color bishop ending. Kramnik won game 10 in 25 moves when Kasparov made a critical error with the Nimzo-Indian Defence. As white, Kasparov could not crack the passive but solid Berlin Defence in the Ruy Lopez, and Kramnik successfully drew all his games as black. Kramnik won the match 8.5-6.5, and for the first time in 15 years Kasparov had no World Championship title. He became the first player to lose a World Championship match without winning a game since Lasker lost to Capablanca in 1921.
This left Kasparov stranded, and yet another organization stepped in called BrainGames.com. A match with Shirov was not arranged, and talks with Anand collapsed, so a match was arranged against Kramnik instead. The match took place in London during the latter half of 2000. Kramnik was well-prepared and suprised Kasparov with a win in the crucial game 2 against his Grunfeld Defence after the champion missed several drawing chances in an opposite-color bishop ending. Kramnik won game 10 in 25 moves when Kasparov made a critical error with the Nimzo-Indian Defence. As white, Kasparov could not crack the passive but solid Berlin Defence in the Ruy Lopez, and Kramnik successfully drew all his games as black. Kramnik won the match 8.5-6.5, and for the first time in 15 years Kasparov had no World Championship title. He became the first player to lose a World Championship match without winning a game since Lasker lost to Capablanca in 1921.
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In February 1996, IBM's chess computer Deep Blue defeated Kasparov in Game 1 of their match. However, Kasparov infamously retorted that upon the next games he "would tear Deep Blue to pieces with no question" and went on to win 3 games and draw 2, soundly winning the match. In May 1997, an updated version of Deep Blue beat Kasparov in Deep Blue-Kasparov, Game 6, in a highly publicized 6 game match. This was the first time a computer had ever defeated a world champion in match play. An award-winning documentary film was made about this famous matchup entitled Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine. Also, IBM keeps a web site of the event at http://www.research.ibm.com/deepblue/. It should be noted that several factors weighed against Kasparov in this match. He was denied access to Deep Blue's recent games, in contrast to the computer's team that could study hundreds of Kasparov's. The relatively fast time control, lack of rest days and other match rules also favored the machine.
In February 1996, IBM's chess computer Deep Blue defeated Kasparov in Game 1 of their match. However, Kasparov infamously retorted that upon the next games he "would tear Deep Blue to pieces with no question" and went on to win 3 games and draw 2, soundly winning the match. In May 1997, an updated version of Deep Blue beat Kasparov in Deep Blue-Kasparov, Game 6, in a highly publicized 6 game match. This was the first time a computer had ever defeated a world champion in match play. An award-winning documentary film was made about this famous matchup entitled Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine. Also, IBM keeps a web site of the event at http://www.research.ibm.com/deepblue/. It should be noted that several factors weighed against Kasparov in this match. He was denied access to Deep Blue's recent games, in contrast to the computer's team that could study hundreds of Kasparov's. The relatively fast time control, lack of rest days and other match rules also favored the machine.
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After this defeat, Kasparov said that he sometimes saw deep intelligence and creativity in the machine's moves, suggesting that during the second game, human chess players intervened, which was against the rules. IBM denied that they had cheated, saying the only human intervention occured between games. The rules provided for the developers to modify the program between games, an opportunity they said they used to shore up weaknesses in the computer's play revealed during the course of the match. Kasparov requested printouts of the machine's moves but IBM refused. Kasparov demanded a rematch, but IBM declined and retired Deep Blue. In November 2003, he played a 4 game match against chess playing computer program X3D Fritz (which was said to have an estimated rating of 2807), using a virtual board, 3D glasses and a speech recognition system. After 2 draws and 2 wins respectively, the X3D Man-Machine match ended in a draw.
After this defeat, Kasparov said that he sometimes saw deep intelligence and creativity in the machine's moves, suggesting that during the second game, human chess players intervened, which was against the rules. IBM denied that they had cheated, saying the only human intervention occured between games. The rules provided for the developers to modify the program between games, an opportunity they said they used to shore up weaknesses in the computer's play revealed during the course of the match. Kasparov requested printouts of the machine's moves but IBM refused. Kasparov demanded a rematch, but IBM declined and retired Deep Blue. In November 2003, he played a 4 game match against chess playing computer program X3D Fritz (which was said to have an estimated rating of 2807), using a virtual board, 3D glasses and a speech recognition system. After 2 draws and 2 wins respectively, the X3D Man-Machine match ended in a draw.
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In September of 2003, Kasparov was to play a match against the FIDE World Champion Ruslan Ponomariov as part of the so-called "Prague Agreement", masterminded by Yasser Seirawan and intended to reunite the two World Championships. However, the match was called off after Ponomariov refused to sign his contract. In its place were plans for a match against Rustam Kasimdzhanov, the winner of the 2004 FIDE World Chess Championship. The match was to be held in January of 2005 in the United Arab Emirates, but the plans fell through due to lack of funding. Plans to hold the match in Turkey instead came too late. Kasparov announced that he was tired of waiting for FIDE to organize a match and that he had decided to stop all efforts to regain the World Championship title.
In September of 2003, Kasparov was to play a match against the FIDE World Champion Ruslan Ponomariov as part of the so-called "Prague Agreement", masterminded by Yasser Seirawan and intended to reunite the two World Championships. However, the match was called off after Ponomariov refused to sign his contract. In its place were plans for a match against Rustam Kasimdzhanov, the winner of the 2004 FIDE World Chess Championship. The match was to be held in January of 2005 in the United Arab Emirates, but the plans fell through due to lack of funding. Plans to hold the match in Turkey instead came too late. Kasparov announced that he was tired of waiting for FIDE to organize a match and that he had decided to stop all efforts to regain the World Championship title.
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After winning the prestigious Linares tournament for the 9th time, Kasparov announced on March 10, 2005 that he would be retiring from serious competitive chess. He cited as the reason a lack of personal goals in the chess world and expressed frustration at the failure to reunify the World Championship. He has said that he may play in some rapid events for fun, but intends to spend more time on his books (My Great Predecessors series and a book on the links between decision-making in chess and other areas of life). He also has plans to continue to involve himself in Russian politics, which he says is "headed down the wrong path." He is an outspoken critic of President Vladimir Putin. On April 10, 2005, he was in Moscow at a promotional event when he was struck over the head with a chessboard he had just signed. The assailant was reported to have said "I admired you as a chess player, but you gave that up for politics," immediately before the attack.
After winning the prestigious Linares tournament for the 9th time, Kasparov announced on March 10, 2005 that he would be retiring from serious competitive chess. He cited as the reason a lack of personal goals in the chess world and expressed frustration at the failure to reunify the World Championship. He has said that he may play in some rapid events for fun, but intends to spend more time on his books (My Great Predecessors series and a book on the links between decision-making in chess and other areas of life). He also has plans to continue to involve himself in Russian politics, which he says is "headed down the wrong path." He is an outspoken critic of President Vladimir Putin. On April 10, 2005, he was in Moscow at a promotional event when he was struck over the head with a chessboard he had just signed. The assailant was reported to have said "I admired you as a chess player, but you gave that up for politics," immediately before the attack.
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posted by Pieter Djatmiko at
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