Basic Of Chess Playing Rules

The Starting Position:

Chess is played by two players beginning in the position shown above. The White player (the player of the light colored pieces) moves first. Then each player takes a single turn. In fact, a player must move in turn. In other words a move cannot be skipped. When setting up the pieces, keep in mind two things. The light colored square goes on the player's right, and Queens go on their color next to the Kings on the center files.

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You may not move a piece to a square already occupied by one of your own pieces. You may capture an opposing piece by replacing that piece with one of your own pieces, if it can legally move there.

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The King (K)
The King is the most important piece. When it is trapped so it cannot move without being captured, then the game is lost. This trap is called checkmate. The King can move one square in any direction. A King can never move into check, or onto a square where it can be captured by an opponent's piece. If a King is not in check, and no other legal move is possible, then the position is said to be in stalemate. A stalemated game is a draw, or a tie.

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The Queen (Q)
The Queen is the most powerful piece because she can move to any square in any direction as long as her path is not blocked. Her range and the ability to attack many pieces an once are the source of her power.

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The Rook (R)
The Rook is a very powerful piece because it can move to any square along its file or row as long as its path is not blocked. Its range is the source of its power.

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The Bishop (B)
The Bishop is a powerful piece because it can move to any square along its diagonals as long as its path is not blocked. Its range is the source of its power.

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The Knight (N)
The Knight is nearly as powerful as the Bishop not because of its range, but because it is the only piece that can hop over other pieces in an L-shaped path. This ability makes it particularly powerful in the early stage of a game when the board is crowded with pieces.

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The Pawn (p)
The Pawn is the least powerful piece because of its poor mobility. It may move only one square forward if its path is not blocked. However, it may move as an option one or two squares forward on its first move only. It may capture only diagonally one square. It may not capture forward. It may not move backward. The lowly Pawn usually does not last long, but if it is able to reach the 8th row or rank, then it can promote itself to any other piece except the King. A Pawn thus promoted is replaced by that piece. Therefore, it is possible to have more than one Queen, or two Rooks, Bishops, or Knights on the board at one time.

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Castling (short OO or long OOO)
Here Black is castled short or on the King side. White is uncastled.
Here Black is castled long or on the Queen side. White is uncastled.
Castling is an important move in chess. It allows a player to quickly move both the King to safety and the Rook to the center for battle. For this reason, wise players carefully guard their ability to castle and usually castle early in the game. Likewise, clever players will attempt to prevent their opponent from castling.

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When castling the player moves his King two squares toward one of the player's Rooks and moves that Rook to the opposite side of the King. A player may not castle if either the King or the Rook involved have already moved. Also, the King may not castle out of, through, or into check. There must be no pieces between the King and Rook when castling.

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Capturing En Passant (ep)
A player may capture another player's pawn in passing (En Passant) under very specific circumstances. This move is designed to prevent a player from taking advantage of the two-square first-move rule for pawns which might allow them to pass their opponent's pawn(s) without a chance to capture.

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The capture is made exactly as if the pawn moved only one square on the first move. In the picture, Black's pawn moved up two squares as is its right. White captured the pawn by removing it from the board and placing the passed white pawn on the square marked ep before playing another move. This move, like any other, is optional and can occur as often as a similar situation arises between pawns.

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The Objective in Chess
The primary objective in chess is to checkmate your opponent's King. When a King cannot avoid capture then it is checkmated and the game is immediately over. If a King is threatened with capture, but has a means to escape, then it is said to be in check. A King cannot move into check, and if in check must move out of check immediately. There are three ways you may move out of check:

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Capture the checking piece,
Block the line of attack by placing one of your own pieces between the checking piece and the King. (Of course, a Knight cannot be blocked.)

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Move the King away from check.
If a King is not in check, and no other legal move is possible, then the position is said to be in stalemate. A stalemated game is a draw, or a tie.
If 50 moves are made without the advance of a pawn or the capture of a piece, then a game can be claimed as a draw.
There is no "perpetual check" rule. See the 50 move rule above.
If you touch a piece intentionally during a formal tournament game, and it can be legally moved, then you must move it. This rule is often disregarded in casual games.
If the same position occurs 3 times, then a game can be claimed as a draw.
A move is made up of two half moves or plies; one by white and one by black.
A note about the habit of calling out loud "check" or "checkmate:"
Calling check or checkmate is at least rude, and at most illegal. Players who hear such calls may object to the interruption of their concentration (I would) and call a Tournament Director (TD). The TD will tell the caller that verbal calls bother all listeners. Then if the caller does it again, he or she may be penalized.

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A verbal call of check or checkmate is an insult to the listener, because the caller presumes that the listener is so inattentive that he or she will not notice their hanging King. This is why players who call check or checkmate are rude.

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Chess player's should allow their opponent to discover that they are in check or checkmate. If a chess player happens to miss the fact they are in check or checkmate, and makes an illegal move, then their opponent should point out that an illegal move was made. Note that there is no requirement to explain why the move is illegal. One must only point out that an illegal move was made. It is not the responsibility of either player to explain the rules of chess to anyone during a game.

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Furthermore, it is out right illegal for anyone other than the players or the TD to explain rules, or otherwise interfere with a game. If the player who made the illegal move does not believe the move was illegal, then either player may ask a TD to make an official ruling. Of course, any qualified third party may rule on a move in a casual chess game. Simply stated, you should not call or tolerate a call of check or checkmate when playing quality chess.

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Judit Polgar, Famous Woman Chess Grandmaster And Utut Adianto, No 1 Grandmaster From Indonesia

Judit Polgar was born on July 23, 1976 in Budapest, Hungary. A number of her family members were killed in the Holocaust, and her grandmother was a survivor of Auschwitz). She and her two older sisters (Zsuzsa (GM) and Zsfia (IM)) were part of an educational experiment carried out by their father L szl Polg r, in an attempt to prove that children could make exceptional achievements if trained in a specialist subject from a very early age. "Geniuses are made, not born," was Lszl 's thesis. Lszl and his wife Klara educated their three daughters at home, with chess as the specialist subject.

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Easily the strongest female chessplayer in history, she was ranked number fourteen in the world in the January 2006 FIDE rating list with an ELO rating of 2711, the only woman on FIDE's Top 100 Players list. She achieved the title of Grandmaster (GM) in 1991 at the age of 15 years and 4 months, beating the previous record for youngest Grandmaster, set by Robert James "Bobby" Fischer in 1958.

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She was trained in her early years by her sister Zsuzsa (who ultimately became Women's World Champion herself, and is still the second strongest female player in the world. Judit has always preferred men's events, making it clear from the beginning that she wants to become the true World Champion of Chess. Her steady rise through the ranks of the world's chess elite in recent years has made many wonder whether she might not achieve this lofty goal. Polgr has defeated almost all the world's top players, including former world champion Garry Kasparov, considered by many to be the strongest chessplayer of all time.

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On the April 2003 FIDE ratings list, Polg r's 2715 rating made her the number 10 ranked player in the world, the first woman ever to enter the world's Top Ten. That same year, Judit scored her greatest victory: an undefeated clear 2nd place in the Category 19 Corus chess tournament in Wijk aan Zee, Netherlands, just a half-point behind Indian star Viswanathan Anand, and a full point ahead of world champion Vladimir Kramnik.

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In 2004, Polgr took some time off from chess to give birth to her son, Oliv r. She was consequently considered inactive and not listed on the January 2005 FIDE rating list. Her sister Zsuzsa, now known as Susan, reactivated her playing status during this period and temporarily became ranked the world's number one woman player again.

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Polgr returned to chess at the prestigious Corus chess tournament on January 15, 2005, scoring 7/13. She was therefore relisted in the April 2005 FIDE rating list, gaining a few rating points for her better-than-par performance at Corus. In May she also had a better-than-par performance at a strong tournament in Sofia, Bulgaria, finishing third. She also gained points in the July 2005 FIDE rating list. This enabled her to retain her spot as the 8th ranked player in the world.

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In September 2005, Polg r became the first woman to play for the World Chess Championship title, see FIDE World Chess Championship 2005. However, she had a rare disappointing performance, coming last out of the eight competitors. Nigel Short criticised her poor opening repetoire, and some speculated that taking a year off to have a baby may have left her rusty, despite her strong performances in two tournaments earlier in the year.

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Viswanathan Anand Biography And Queen Role In Chess Game

Viswanathan Anand (born December 11, 1969) is an Indian chess grandmaster. In the January 2006 FIDE Elo rating list, Anand has a rating of 2792, making him the number three in the world (after the retired Garry Kasparov and Veselin Topalov). Anand has been one of the strongest non-Soviet players since Bobby Fischer, along with the Hungarian Péter Lékó and the Bulgarian Topalov.

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Biography
Anand's rise in the Indian chess world was meteoric. National level success came early for him when he won the National Sub-Junior Chess Championship with a score of 9/9 in 1983 at the age of fourteen. He became the youngest Indian to win the International Master's Title at the age of fifteen, in 1984. At the age of sixteen he became the National Champion and won that title two more times. He played games at blitz speed, earning him the nickname "Lightning Kid" ("Blitz chess" is known in India as "Lightning chess"). In 1987, he became the first Indian to win the World Junior Chess Championship. In 1988, at the age of eighteen, he became India's First Grandmaster."Vishy", as he is sometimes called, burst upon the upper echelons of the chess scene in the early 1990s, winning such tournaments as Reggio Emilia 1991 (ahead of Garry Kasparov and Anatoly Karpov).

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Playing at such a high level did not slow him down either, and he continued to play games at blitz speed. In 1991, he lost in a tie-breaker to Anatoly Karpov in the quarter finals of the FIDE Knockout World Chess Championship.Viswanathan Anand qualified for the Professional Chess Association World Chess Championship final by winning the candidates matches against Michael Adams and Gata Kamsky. In 1995, he played a title match against Kasparov in New York City's World Trade Center. After an opening run of eight draws (a record for the opening of a world championship match), Anand won game nine using a splendid sacrifice on the queen side, but then lost four of the next five. He lost the match 10.5 - 7.5. Anand won three consecutive Advanced Chess tournaments in Leon, Spain after Garry Kasparov introduced this form of chess in 1998, and is widely recognized as the world's best Advanced Chess player, where humans may consult a computer to aid in their calculation of variations.Viswanathan Anand's recent tournament successes include the prestigious Corus chess tournament in years 2003 and 2004 and Dortmund in 2004. He has won the annually held Monaco Amber Blindfold and Rapid Chess Championships in years 1994, 1997, 2003 and 2005.Anand has won the Chess Oscar in 1997, 1998, 2003, and 2004. His four Oscars ties him with Kasparov for the most ever, one better than Fischer's three.

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The Chess Oscar is awarded to the year's best player according to a world-wide poll of leading chess critics, writers, and journalists conducted by the Russian chess magazine 64.Viswanathan Anand's game collection, My Best Games of Chess, was published in the year 1998 and was updated in 2001.After several near misses, Anand finally won the FIDE World Chess Championship in 2000 after defeating Alexei Shirov 3.5 - 0.5 in the final match held at Teheran, thereby becoming the first Indian to win that title. He lost the title to Ruslan Ponomariov in 2002.He became shared second in the FIDE World Chess Championship 2005 (together with Peter Svidler) with 8.5 points out of 14 games, lagging 1.5 points behind the winner, Veselin Topalov.

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In October 2003, the governing body of chess, FIDE, organized a rapid time control tournament in Cap d'Agde and billed it as the World Rapid Chess Championship. Each player had 25 minutes at the start of the game, with an additional 10 seconds after each move. Anand won this event ahead of ten of the other top twelve players in the world with Kasparov being the only missing player. Anand is still deservedly considered to be the world's finest Rapid Chess player.He has consistently won almost all rapid events defeating many top players and his main achievements in this Category are at : Corsica , Leon , Amber events where he dominated almost all elite players .

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Chess titles
1983 National Sub-Junior Chess Champion - age 14
1984 International Master - age 15
1985 Indian National Champion - age 16
1987 World Junior Chess Champion, Grandmaster
2000 FIDE World Chess Champion
2003 FIDE World Rapid Chess Champion

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Awards
Anand has received many awards.
Arjuna award for Outstanding Indian Sportsman in Chess in 1985
Padma Shri, National Citizens Award and Soviet Land Nehru Award in 1987
The inaugural Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award, India's highest sporting honour in the year 1991-1992.
British Chess Federation 'Book of the Year' Award in 1998 for his book My Best Games of Chess
Chess Oscar (1997, 1998, 2003 and 2004)

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Garry Kasparov Biography

Garry Kimovich Kasparov was born as Garry Vajnshtejn on April 13, 1963 in Baku Azerbaijan (at that time a republic of Soviet Union). His mother was Armenian and his father was Jewish. On the July 1999 FIDE rating list, his ELO was 2851, the highest rating ever achieved. He has been ranked 1st in the world a record 23 times between 1985 and 2006. He has also won the Chess Oscar 11 times.

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Kasparov first began to study chess seriously when he came across a chess problem set up by his parents and proposed a solution. At the age of 8, he left the Tiffin School and trained at Mikhail Botvinnik's chess school. At age 13, he won the Soviet Junior Championship of 1976 at Tbilisi, scoring 7 points out of 9. The following year he won again with a score of 8.5 out of 9. In 1978, he participated in the Sokolsky Memorial tournament at Minsk. He was invited as an exception and took 1st place and became a master. He has repeatedly said that this event was a turning point in his life, and that it convinced him to choose chess as his career.

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Kasparov quickly rose through the FIDE rankings. Starting with an oversight by the Russian Chess Federation, he participated in a Grandmaster tournament in Banja Luka while he was still unrated (the federation thought it was a junior tournament). After the tournament, he had a provisional rating of 2595, enough to catapult him into the top group of chess players. The next year, he won the World Junior Chess Championship of 1980 in Dortmund, West Germany.

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After this, Kasparov wanted to challenge World Champion Anatoly Karpov, but first he had to qualify in the Candidates Tournament. He defeated the exceptionally tough Alexander Beliavsky in his first match of the tournament. His next match against Viktor Korchnoi, to be played in Pasadena, California, was threatened by politics. Korchnoi had defected from Russia in the late 1970s, and at that time was the strongest non-Soviet player. Various political manoeuvres prevented Kasparov from playing Korchnoi, and Kasparov forfeited the match. Korchnoi allowed the match to be replayed in London, and Kasparov won. His final Candidates match was against Vassily Smyslov. Smyslov had been the 7th World Champion in 1957, but later years saw his willingness to fight for wins greatly diminished. Kasparov won the match with 4 wins and 9 draws. He had finally earned the right to challenge Karpov for the title.

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The 1984 World Championship match between Garry Kasparov and Anatoly Karpov had the most controversial finish to a competitive match ever. After 9 games, Karpov was ahead 4-0 in a "first to 6 wins" match. Kasparov got inspiration from a Russian poet before each game, and battled Karpov into 17 successive draws. Karpov won the next game before Kasparov fought back with another series of draws until game 32 when Kasparov managed his first win against the World Champion. At this point, Karpov who was 12 years older than Kasparov, was close to exhaustion, and not looking like the player who started the match. Kasparov won games 47 and 48 to bring the score to 5-3 in Karpov's favor. Then the match was ended without result by the President of FIDE, Florencio Campomanes, although both players wanted to continue the match. Campomanes cited the health of the two players, which had been put under strain by the length of the match, as his reason for the decision. Karpov had lost 22 pounds over the course of the match and had been hospitalized several times.

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The second Karpov-Kasparov match took place in 1985. It was to be the best of 24 games, where the first player to 12.5 points would claim the title. The score was quite even down to the final wire, but Kasparov prevailed by a score of 13-11. At the age of 22, he had broken the existing record of youngest winner of the World Championship held by Mikhail Tal for over 20 years. Tal was 23 when he beat Botvinnik in 1960. At that time, FIDE rules granted a defeated champion an automatic right to a rematch. The rematch took place in 1986, hosted jointly in the cities of London and Leningrad. Kasparov won by a final score of 12.5-11.5. Karpov qualified though the Candidates' Matches of 1987 to become the official challenger to Kasparov once again. A fourth world title match between Kasparov and Karpov took place in Seville of 1987. The match was drawn by a score of 12-12 and Kasparov kept his title. The fifth and final world title match between the two took place in 1990 in Lyon and New York. Once again Kasparov narrowly won by a margin of 12.5-11.5.

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After securing the World Championship title, Kasparov began to battle FIDE. He created an organization called the Grandmaster's Association (GMA) to give players more of a say in FIDE's activities. This stand-off lasted until 1993 when Nigel Short, a British Grandmaster, qualified through the Candidates cycle for Kasparov's next World Championship defense. They decided to play their match outside of FIDE's jurisdiction, under another organization created by Kasparov called the Professional Chess Association (PCA). This is where the great fracture on the lineage of World Champions began. They were both ejected from FIDE, and they played their match in London, which Kasparov won convincingly by a score of 12.5-7.5. FIDE organized a World Championship match between Jan Timman, the loser of the Candidates final, and Karpov who was the previous World Champion. Karpov won the match. Nigel Short had beaten both of these players in the Candidates matches before facing Kasparov. Now Kasparov held the PCA World Chess Championship title, and Karpov held the FIDE World Chess Championship title.

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In 1995, Kasparov defended his title at Viswanathan Anand, the Indian superstar. The match was held at the World Trade Center in New York City before the PCA collapsed when Intel, one of the major backers, withdrew its sponsorship. Kasparov won the game by a score of 4 wins, 1 loss, and 13 draws. He tried to organize another World Championship match under yet another organization, the World Chess Association, with Linares organizer Rentero. Vladimir Kramnik and Alexei Shirov played a candidates match to decide the challenger, which Shirov won in a suprising upset. However, the WCA collapsed when Rentero admitted that the funds required and promised had never materialized.

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This left Kasparov stranded, and yet another organization stepped in called BrainGames.com. A match with Shirov was not arranged, and talks with Anand collapsed, so a match was arranged against Kramnik instead. The match took place in London during the latter half of 2000. Kramnik was well-prepared and suprised Kasparov with a win in the crucial game 2 against his Grunfeld Defence after the champion missed several drawing chances in an opposite-color bishop ending. Kramnik won game 10 in 25 moves when Kasparov made a critical error with the Nimzo-Indian Defence. As white, Kasparov could not crack the passive but solid Berlin Defence in the Ruy Lopez, and Kramnik successfully drew all his games as black. Kramnik won the match 8.5-6.5, and for the first time in 15 years Kasparov had no World Championship title. He became the first player to lose a World Championship match without winning a game since Lasker lost to Capablanca in 1921.

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In February 1996, IBM's chess computer Deep Blue defeated Kasparov in Game 1 of their match. However, Kasparov infamously retorted that upon the next games he "would tear Deep Blue to pieces with no question" and went on to win 3 games and draw 2, soundly winning the match. In May 1997, an updated version of Deep Blue beat Kasparov in Deep Blue-Kasparov, Game 6, in a highly publicized 6 game match. This was the first time a computer had ever defeated a world champion in match play. An award-winning documentary film was made about this famous matchup entitled Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine. Also, IBM keeps a web site of the event at http://www.research.ibm.com/deepblue/. It should be noted that several factors weighed against Kasparov in this match. He was denied access to Deep Blue's recent games, in contrast to the computer's team that could study hundreds of Kasparov's. The relatively fast time control, lack of rest days and other match rules also favored the machine.

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After this defeat, Kasparov said that he sometimes saw deep intelligence and creativity in the machine's moves, suggesting that during the second game, human chess players intervened, which was against the rules. IBM denied that they had cheated, saying the only human intervention occured between games. The rules provided for the developers to modify the program between games, an opportunity they said they used to shore up weaknesses in the computer's play revealed during the course of the match. Kasparov requested printouts of the machine's moves but IBM refused. Kasparov demanded a rematch, but IBM declined and retired Deep Blue. In November 2003, he played a 4 game match against chess playing computer program X3D Fritz (which was said to have an estimated rating of 2807), using a virtual board, 3D glasses and a speech recognition system. After 2 draws and 2 wins respectively, the X3D Man-Machine match ended in a draw.

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In September of 2003, Kasparov was to play a match against the FIDE World Champion Ruslan Ponomariov as part of the so-called "Prague Agreement", masterminded by Yasser Seirawan and intended to reunite the two World Championships. However, the match was called off after Ponomariov refused to sign his contract. In its place were plans for a match against Rustam Kasimdzhanov, the winner of the 2004 FIDE World Chess Championship. The match was to be held in January of 2005 in the United Arab Emirates, but the plans fell through due to lack of funding. Plans to hold the match in Turkey instead came too late. Kasparov announced that he was tired of waiting for FIDE to organize a match and that he had decided to stop all efforts to regain the World Championship title.

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After winning the prestigious Linares tournament for the 9th time, Kasparov announced on March 10, 2005 that he would be retiring from serious competitive chess. He cited as the reason a lack of personal goals in the chess world and expressed frustration at the failure to reunify the World Championship. He has said that he may play in some rapid events for fun, but intends to spend more time on his books (My Great Predecessors series and a book on the links between decision-making in chess and other areas of life). He also has plans to continue to involve himself in Russian politics, which he says is "headed down the wrong path." He is an outspoken critic of President Vladimir Putin. On April 10, 2005, he was in Moscow at a promotional event when he was struck over the head with a chessboard he had just signed. The assailant was reported to have said "I admired you as a chess player, but you gave that up for politics," immediately before the attack.

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Anatoly Karpov Biography And History Of Chess

Anatoli Yevgenyevic Karpov (born May 23, 1951) is a Famous Russian chess player. Anatoly Karpov was born in Zlatoust, Russia and started off his playing career by annexing the World Junior Chess Championship in 1969 (not won by a Russian since Boris Spassky), everything sky-rocketed from there. After the Junior world championship, Anatoly Karpov was a "mere" grandmaster, but in the following year there was a "quantum leap" in his playing strength. The first Candidates cycle (1974) he participated in was the one to find a challenger for the then World Champion, Bobby Fischer. Karpov beat Robert Byrne in the first Candidates match to face the ex-World Champion Boris Spassky in the next round. Karpov was on record to say that it would be Spassky that would win the Candidates cycle to face Fischer, but Karpov would win the following Candidates cycle (1977).

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The Spassky-Karpov match was a spectacle. Tenacious and aggressive play from Karpov secured him a memorable win (an exquisite Sicilian Scheveningen was probably the game of the match). The Candidates final match was against fellow Russian Viktor Korchnoi, a notable fighting player. Intense games were fought, one "opening laboratory" win against the Sicilian Dragon, and Karpov had achieved the right to challenge Fischer for the World Championship.
For a variety of reasons, Fischer refused to defend his title, and resigned it when his list of demands were not met. This thrust the young Karpov into the role of World Champion without beating the reigning one. There was always the thought that Karpov was just a paper world champion - it was given to him.

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Anatoly Karpov's reply to that was to create the most phenomenal streak of tournament wins against the strongest players in the world over the next ten years. This tournament success eclipsed the pre-war tournament record of Alexander Alekhine, and was thought to be unmatchable in today's tournament standards.

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Anatoly Karpov's playing style was solid positionally based, taking no risks but reacting mercilessly to any tiny errors made by his opponents. People believed Karpov's style was bland, but looking at games such as Torre-Karpov, Bad Lautenberg 1976 shows Karpov provoking his opponent then counterattacking through the centre with a pawn sacrifice. Karpov's mastery of the ending was unparallelled, although he kept his openings repertoire relatively narrow, his middlegame was always solid.

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One of the first pinnacles of Karpov's tournament career was the exceptional Montreal "Super-Grandmaster" tournament in 1979, where he ended joint first with Mikhail Tal ahead of a field of superb grandmasters (Jan Timman, Ljubojevic, Boris Spassky, Kavalek). Karpov's first title defence in 1978 was against Viktor Korchnoi, the opponent he beat in the previous Candidates tournament. The situation was vastly different to the previous match. In the intervening years Korchnoi had defected from the Soviet Union. The match was played in Bagiuo in the Philippines, and a vast array of psychological tricks were used during the match, from Karpov's Dr Zukhov who attempted to hypnotise Korchnoi during the game, to Korchnoi's mirror glasses to ward off the hypnotic stare, Korchnoi not being allowed to play under the Swiss flag (his adopted country) so offering to play under the Jolly Roger flag, to Karpov's yogurt being used to send him secret messages, to Korchnoi inviting two local cult members (on trial for attempted murder) into the hall as members of his team.

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The off board antics are better remembered than the actual chess on it, which is saddening. Karpov took an early lead, but Korchnoi staged an amazing comeback very late in the match, and came close to winning. Karpov narrowly won the last game to take the match 6-5. Three years later Korchnoi re-emerged as the Candidates winner against German finalist Dr. Robert Huebner to challenge Karpov in Merano, Italy. This time the psychological trick was the arrest of Korchnoi's son for evading conscription. Again the politics off the board overshadowed the games, but Karpov easily won what is remembered to be the "Massacre of Merano".

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Anatoly Karpov had cemented his position as the World's best player, and real world champion when Kasparov arrived on the scene. After the aborted first match, Karpov lost his title - a ten year tenure was over. Karpov remained a formidable opponent for most of the eighties, fighting Kasparov in over five arduous World Championship matches, all of them were close.

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It came as a surprise that Karpov lost a Candidates Match against Nigel Short in 1992, but Nigel's success was richly deserved. But Karpov reacquired the FIDE World title when Kasparov and Short split from FIDE in 1993 by overwhelming Jan Timman - the loser of the Candidates match against Short. The nineties showed the gradual decline of Anatoly Karpov's playing strength - apart from one strong performance against the World's best players in Linares in 1994. Karpov won the tournament, which included Kasparov by a large margin, which put his tournament performance way over 3000 ELO. As of this date (March, 2003) this is still the highest performance rating of any chess player in a tournament in chess history.

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Karpov's serious tournament play has been seriously limited since 1999, preferring to be more involved in politics of his home country of Russia.

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